德国因其免费的大学教育而广为人知，这是近年来成为热门留学目的地的几个因素之一。然而，位于西南部的巴登-符腾堡州本周宣布计划从2017年秋季开始，重新对来自欧盟（EU）以外的国际学生征收学费。

将收取哪些学费？

从2017/18学年开始，非欧盟学生需要每学期支付1,500欧元（约合1,600美元）——每年总计3,000欧元（约合3,200美元）。攻读第二学位的学生将支付减少的费用，每学期650欧元（约合700美元）。虽然巴登-符腾堡州的德国大学教育不再免费，但值得注意的是，这些学费仍然远低于世界上许多其他地区。

某些国际学生将被豁免重新征收学费。豁免适用于：

• 在德国拥有居留权的难民。
• 在德国获得高等教育入学资格的国际学生 ‘Bildungsinländer’。
• 来自Erasmus成员国的国际学生，包括冰岛和土耳其等非欧盟国家。
• 在欧洲拥有永久居民身份的非成员国学生。
• 已在受影响大学就读的现有非欧盟学生。

哪些德国大学受影响？

巴登-符腾堡州拥有斯图加特、卡尔斯鲁厄和海德堡等主要德国城市。受学费变更影响的德国大学包括：

• 弗莱堡大学
• 海德堡大学 Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
• KIT, 卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院
•  康斯坦茨大学 
• 曼海姆大学
• 斯图加特大学
• 蒂宾根大学 Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen

• 乌尔姆大学 

为什么重新引入学费？

巴登-符腾堡州实际上在2011年废除了学费，比下萨克森州成为2014年废除学费的最后一个德国州早三年，并曾在今年早些时候承诺不重新引入普遍性学费。然而，现在已决定重新引入学费，以帮助大学覆盖运营成本——该国目前存在4800万欧元（约合5100万美元）的高等教育资金缺口。简而言之，高等教育部门不再能够为所有学生提供免费教育。

据报道，该部门热衷于控制资金状况，同时避免对德国大学造成负面影响。康斯坦茨大学的一位发言人告诉独立报：“虽然巴登-符腾堡州教育与研究部必须在减少成本方面尽到责任，但它也想避免对州立大学的科学研究声誉和增长以及它们的高学生人数造成严重损害。” 

其他德国大学会收费吗？

除非学生抗议或其他政治事件推翻了提议的学费政策变更，否则其他德国州可能在未来几年内也会重新引入学费，以再次减少高等教育资金赤字。

学费的重新引入可能会引起一些学生的担忧，包括受到英国决定脱欧影响的英国学生。然而，英国不太可能在大约2019年3月之前完成脱欧过程；在此期间，英国学生仍然可以在许多欧盟国家享受免费或低学费。目前尚不清楚英国是否将继续是欧洲经济区（EEA）和/或欧拉姆斯计划的成员。

还有可能提供更多奖学金机会，帮助非欧盟学生在德国学习。

其他欧洲国家是否重新引入学费？

在2016年早些时候，芬兰宣布将于2017年秋季重新引入非欧盟学生的学费。这与其他北欧国家丹麦和瑞典的做法一致，它们分别在2006年和2011年为非欧盟学生引入了学费。这意味着从2017年8月起，非欧盟学生每年至少要支付1500欧元（约1600美元）的学费。唯一保留各国籍学生免费学费的北欧国家是挪威，该国不是欧盟成员国。

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It's perfectly natural to have many questions troubling you when you're about to move halfway across the world to pursue your dreams. To help you prepare for student life in the UK, here is a list of frequently asked questions, with answers!

1. Do students tend to work part-time during their studies?

Yes. Many students at universities in the UK have part-time student jobs, typically in hospitality, academic tutoring or for their student union. If you are international, there may be restrictions on the total number of hours you are allowed to work. There should be a sticker in your passport indicating the exact number (usually 10 or 20 hours). Your university may also provide guidelines about the maximum number of hours you should work, in order to ensure you have sufficient time to dedicate to studies.

2. What are the living costs while studying in the UK?

According to Numbeo, the average cost of living in the UK is 5.44% cheaper than in the US, while rent is 20.97% cheaper than in the US. The exact amount will vary depending on exactly where you study in the UK. According to the National Union of Students, the average living costs of studying in the UK in London are about £13,400 (~US$21,800), compared to £12,100 for the rest of England (~US$15,200). Average costs of living in Wales for students, according to the University of Cardiff, total about £7,300 (US$ 9,200), while the University of Edinburgh estimates the figure for Scotland to be about £15,400 (US$19,400). Queen's University Belfast estimates the costs of studying in Northern Ireland at £10,200 (US$12,800). You can read more about the cost of study in the UK here. 

3. What are UK student halls like?

Finding student accommodation from abroad before you arrive can feel like a shot in the dark. To help you, many universities in the UK have their own student halls on campus reserved for first-year students. These halls tend to provide good value for money, with easy access to all the facilities you need, and opportunities to mix with other students. Some halls even offer en-suite bathrooms and/or single-sex shared flats, though at higher rates. Private halls of residence, run by independent companies, offer similar accommodation for students unable to secure space in their university's own halls.

4. Will I get homework like in high school?

Yes, absolutely. You'll be assigned coursework and projects, but unlike high school, no one will be there to hold your hand or tell you off if you fail to submit your homework in time. One of the biggest challenges of university life is finding the rigor and self-motivation to meet deadlines – very difficult when you are constantly being bombarded with distractions.

5. Will I get language support if I'm still working on improving my English?

Yes. It's usually possible to get a place on a course if you're still looking to improve your language skills, after meeting the university's minimum English requirements. Your university should have a language support facility to help you improve your writing, speaking and listening skills. There may also be opportunities to work on other languages you'd like to learn.

6. What happens during Freshers' Week?

In the UK, the term 'fresher' refers to a new undergraduate student. Freshers' Week is held at the start of the year to welcome the new intake of e students. It involves mixers, fairs, gigs, comedy nights, and all kinds of activities across the campus. To prepare, read about seven things that will definitely happen in Freshers' Week here.

7. What if I fail an exam or year?

If you fail a year, you may get a chance to re-sit your exams, though your marks may be capped at 40% (that is, a third-class degree). If you fail again, you would typically have to retake the entire year, drop out or consider switching to a new subject. Failing individual coursework assignments would probably do no more than hurt your grade average, though in some cases you may be allowed to resubmit. Keep in mind that whatever happens, you should be able to receive counselling and study tips from a student advisor.

8. How many hours of class time a week should I expect?

Most full-time undergraduate courses in England, Wales and Northern Ireland are split across a period of three years (four, if you plan on doing a foundation degree). In Scotland, the norm is four years. You could expect between 15 and 25 hours of class-time a week, though the exact number will vary a lot depending on your subject and institution.

9. Will I get support for my disability or dyslexia?

Yes. British universities provide support for students with disabilities, such as adapted accommodation, professional care staff and learning support coordinators trained to help you get the most out of your degree. Universities in the UK also provide material in Braille and other formats, in addition to allowing students with a disability extra time to complete their coursework and exams.

10. Does it actually rain every day?

British weather tends to be varied and unpredictable. While it does tend to rain quite heavily in the UK, especially between the months of September and May, there tends to be some sunshine at least once a day! The weather will vary a lot depending on where you're based – in general, the south tends to be milder, and the west coast tends to get most rain. As to British summers, well, they can be pretty great. While they last. Hold onto those sunny memories to keep you going through January!

Got another question about studying in the UK? Leave a comment below!

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计划在美国学习，并渴望在你的学位期间或之后找到工作？请继续阅读有关国际学生、毕业生和其他移民的美国工作签证的指导...

学习期间或之后的实践培训

在美国的国际学生在学习的第一年可以在校内工作，每周最多20小时，从第二年开始可以申请实践培训。实习培训有两种类型--选择性的（OPT）和课程性的（CPT）。两者都可以在你的学位期间或毕业后完成，但不得超过12个月，而且必须是与你的研究领域直接相关的角色。

当你完成你的学位时，你会有一个 "宽限期"，让你有时间准备离开或申请一个新的签证。如果你打算留在美国并寻求工作，一定要尽快申请改变签证状态。

你的宽限期的长短取决于你持有哪种美国学生签证。大多数国际学生都是F-1签证持有者，在完成课程后最多可以停留60天。在此期间，F1签证折页者可以申请改变签证身份，在该国停留一年，以完成毕业后的实践培训。

M-1和J-1签证持有人在完成课程后只能在该国再停留30天。如果你是持有M-1签证的学生（职业课程），你也可以参加实践培训，但只能在完成学业后进行。

如果你是STEM（科学、技术、工程和数学）学生，你可能有资格将你的实践培训期再延长24个月，这意味着你可以通过OPT留在美国工作长达三年。

要申请可选的实践培训，你应该：

• 向你大学的国际部索取所需的表格。
• 请你指定的学校官员（DSO）为你的I-20表背书，并在学生和交流访问者信息系统（SEVIS）中做适当的注解。
• 填写并向美国公民及移民服务局（USCIS）提交I-765表，即就业授权申请，包括相关费用和证明文件。
• 在移民局批准你的I-765表后，你将收到I-766表，"就业授权文件"（EAD）。你应该在收到EAD后才开始工作。

完成OPT后申请美国工作签证

在你的OPT期满后，继续在美国工作的一个常见方法是申请H-1B签证。这是一种非移民美国签证，提供给至少拥有学士学位或同等学历的毕业生，从事需要高度专业化知识的理论或实际应用的 "特殊职业"。工程、数学和商业方面的工作通常符合专业职业的要求。

尽快与你的潜在担保人协调，以确保你的申请能及时提交。你应该在3月初开始申请程序，并在4月1日或之后不久提交申请。

每年授予的H-1B签证数量有65,000个上限（高级学位豁免上限为20,000个，针对拥有美国获得的硕士学位的申请人）。在最近的申请期间，收到了超过236,000份H-1B签证的申请，因此采用抽签的方式来决定哪些申请能够成功。如果你的H-1B签证申请被批准，它将在同年10月1日之前有效。

只要你的H-1B申请是在你的OPT到期之前提交的，你就可以在H-1B申请等待期间留在美国。假设申请被批准，你就可以保持F-1/OPT身份直到10月1日，届时你的移民身份将自动转为H-1B。这种自动延长OPT至10月1日的做法被称为 "上限缺口"。

一些雇主可以不受H-1B上限缺口的限制，例如大学、学区和与医学院有联系的医院。这些雇主可以在一年中的任何时候提出申请，为毕业生提供工作签证担保，一旦获得批准，毕业生就可以立即以H-1B身份开始工作。

如果你的H-1B申请已经被批准，并且你已经收到了你的就业授权文件，你就可以出国旅行，并在上限空档期以你原来的美国F-1签证身份寻求重新进入美国。然而，当你的申请仍在等待时，你不应该离开。

其他非移民美国工作签证

O-1签证

H-1B的一个替代方案是O-1签证，这是为那些在其领域具有特殊技能或能力的人准备的。你可能需要一个雇主担保，但在某些情况下，你可以自我担保。对特殊能力的要求标准非常高，所以大多数毕业生需要在他们选择的领域有几年的经验。

E-2投资者签证

这种美国签证适用于有志于经营自己企业的毕业生。如果你在美国开办或购买一个企业，并对其进行大量的财务投资，你可能会获得移民身份，以便经营它。所需的投资金额取决于企业的类型。投资者签证只提供给选定的条约国家的公民。

获得永久居民（"绿卡"）身份

如果你想作为永久居民在美国生活和工作，你可以申请 "绿卡 "身份。这可以通过多种方式获得，包括通过提供长期就业机会，每个财政年度大约有14万个基于就业的移民签证发放。这个过程通常涉及你的雇主获得劳工证，然后为你申请I-140表，即外国工人的移民申请。

获得劳工证通常是一个困难和漫长的过程，旨在确保你的就业 "不会对美国工人的工作机会、工资和工作条件产生不利影响"，而且该地区没有美国公民能够、愿意、有资格和可以接受这个工作机会。

基于就业的移民签证分为五类。

1. 优先工人。如果你属于这一类别，你将不需要劳动证明或工作机会，这包括在科学、艺术、教育、商业或体育方面具有非凡能力的人。你需要提供 "广泛的文件显示持续的国家或国际声誉"。

2. 拥有高级学位的专业人员和具有特殊能力的人。在这个类别中，你通常需要一份劳工证（如果你的就业是为了国家利益，你可能有资格获得豁免），而且你必须有一份工作机会。子类别包括持有高级学位（如硕士）的专业人士，加上五年的工作经验，以及在科学、艺术或商业方面有特殊能力的人。

3. 拥有学士学位的专业人士或工作涉及两年教育、经验或培训的技术工人，以及其他工人。

4.  "某些特殊移民"，他们必须是获得批准的美洲人、寡妇（鳏夫）或特殊移民的申请，I-360表。

5. 投资移民签证。这一类别允许投资100万美元（或在欠发达地区或高失业率地区投资50万美元）的人获得两年的有条件居留权，从而提供新的就业机会。

如果你没有担保雇主，你也许可以自行申请绿卡，在这种情况下，你需要证明你是一个有特殊能力的人，或者已经获得了国家利益豁免权。

想要更多这样的内容？注册免费的网站会员，以获得定期更新和你自己的个人内容提要。

巴黎高等商学院赞助

随着大数据将在经济的各个领域发挥越来越重要的作用，现在是为你的学士后学习和未来职业专门学习数据科学的明智时机。以下是决定攻读数据科学研究生学位时应遵循的四个关键步骤。

1. 跨学科思考

在我们生活的每个层面上，数据的爆炸性增长提出了许多问题，公司必须解决。事实上，在将这些大量的信息转化为战略资源的过程中，许多职能部门都受到了影响。这就是为什么数据科学必须在更大的范围内被看待。这就是为什么你选择的数据科学学位必须以跨学科的方法为基础。它不仅应该涉及数学和计算机科学，还应该涉及商业战略和管理技能。将技术专长与业务方面的熟练程度相结合，将有助于你利用数据分析的结果，并做出战略决策。

2. 寻求实际应用

能够在你未来的职业生涯中解决实际问题，首先要在学习期间学会这样做。你的数据科学学位应该在技术和商业两方面为你提供现实生活中的案例和现场实践。一个拥有这种实践方法的数据科学学位还应该为你提供机会，最大限度地与各种公司接触：咨询公司、数字初创公司、跨国公司。这些与技术和商业世界的密切联系将帮助你拓宽你的职业前景。

3. 注重学术成就

当涉及到高度技术性和快速发展的学科，如数据科学，你必须选择一个拥有世界一流师资的机构。衡量一个机构的学术水平的最好方法之一是看拥有一流研究型大学博士学位的教授的比例，以及考虑他们对顶级学术期刊和国际会议的参与。研究中心的存在也是衡量一所大学学术活力的良好指标。

4. 优先考虑世界知名的机构

在国际就业市场上，一个国际知名和有联系的机构的学位将帮助你达到最高的职业机会。一所真正的国际院校提供国际化的学生群体和教师队伍，与其他世界知名机构建立众多的合作关系，以及国际化的职业前景。检查你所确定的大学的国际排名，以及寻求有关学生毕业后获得的职位的信息，包括工资和地点。另一个重要指标是校友网络的规模和力量：这个网络越大、越国际化，你在实现职业目标方面得到的帮助就越多。

巴黎高等商学院和巴黎综合理工学院的商业大数据理学硕士课程是欧洲领先的商业/工程组合。巴黎综合理工学院和巴黎高等商学院都是世界领先的学术机构，以其学位、院系和研究的质量而闻名。他们联手创建了一个联合学位，旨在为有才华的学生提供数据科学和商业方面的强大技能。由于这两所院校与商业界建立了密切的联系，以及它们的校友网络在全球拥有超过73,000名成员的力量，学生将受益于非凡的附加值。

Chances are, any lingering doubts you may have about studying overseas probably have something to do with the astronomical costs of moving abroad and ever-increasing international student fees. What you may not be aware of, however, is the sheer number of funding opportunities available to help you cover the costs.

Read on to discover 10 fabulous study abroad scholarships you could be eligible for.

1. Erasmus Mundus Joint Master Degrees

Enrolled on one of Erasmus Mundus’ joint master degrees, you could receive a full scholarship covering your tuition fees and your living costs. Typically lasting between one and two years, the program would send you to at least two participating universities based overseas. Find out more here.

2. Fulbright Foreign Student Program

These scholarships to study abroad in the US support postgraduate students, young professionals artists pursuing studies or research. Admissions and entry requirements vary by nationality and are all listed here. Select your country in the dropdown menu at the bottom of the page and wait to be redirected to the relevant page.

3. QS Leadership Scholarship

This scholarship, worth US$10,000, is awarded each year to a prospective postgraduate student who demonstrates strong leadership capabilities and/or contribution to a specific community or cause. Could this be you? To find out, attend a QS World Grad Tour event and submit a short essay.

4. QS Scholarship for Academic Excellence

Also worth US$10,000, this postgraduate scholarship goes to a student who demonstrates strong academic potential, with the capacity to make a significant contribution in his or her field. It can be used towards tuition fees for a master’s or PhD program anywhere in the world.

4. QS Undergraduate Scholarship

Newly launched in 2016, this undergraduate scholarship is worth US$10,000 towards tuition fees for a bachelor’s degree at a university featured in any of the QS rankings. Applicants are asked to submit a short essay explaining how an inspirational person has impacted on their life and ambitions.

5. Great Wall Program

If you’re looking to study abroad in China, the Great Wall Program is funded by the Chinese Ministry of Education. The full scholarship sponsors international students and scholars from developing nations looking to study and/or pursue research in China. To apply, speak to the National Commission for UNESCO in your home country, apply to your chosen Chinese university with the documents provided by UNESCO, and submit your application online.

7. Clarendon Scholarships at the University of Oxford

Every year, the Clarendon Scholarships fund awards 140 much-prized postgraduate scholarships offering a full ride at the University of Oxford on the basis of academic merit, across all subjects. You will be automatically considered for the scholarship if you meet the January application deadline for your chosen course.

8. Adelaide Scholarships International

Australia’s University of Adelaide offers scholarships covering fees, health insurance and a stipend for international postgraduate students. The scholarship lasts for a total duration of two years for master’s degrees and three years for PhDs. To qualify, you must hold the equivalent of an Australian first class honors degree. To apply, submit an application online.

9. International Leader of Tomorrow Award at University of British Columbia

The University of British Columbia in Canada offers undergraduate scholarships to international applicants on the basis of economic need and academic merit. To be eligible, you must have an excellent academic track record, not hold a previous undergraduate degree, be an international student and demonstrate your financial need. Find out more here.

10. Westminster Full International Scholarship

To be eligible for a full scholarship to study abroad at the UK’s University of Westminster, you need to be an international applicant from a developing country and hold a full-time offer from the university. Find out if your country is considered to be developing here. These scholarships are awarded on the basis of academic excellence, financial need and development potential. Find out how to apply here.